I'm reading the datasheet but I don't fully understand how to design circuit that supply power to STM32 MCU from 5V micro USB.

How do you get information to design power supply circuit for any STM32(STM32F401RE) microcontroller from the datasheet.

 

Presuming it takes 3.3V, you need a low dropout regulator and the two capacitors as recommended in the datasheet.

 

I'm reading the datasheet but I don't fully understand how to design circuit that supply power to STM32 MCU from 5V micro USB.

How do you get information to design power supply circuit for any STM32(STM32F401RE) microcontroller from the datasheet.

You don't get the information you need to do the design. You only get the requirements that the design must satisfy.

 

Here is the relevant page from the datasheet:

I've highlighted the critical section. You can choose a value for VDD between 1.7 VDC and 3.6 VDC. Be sure to pay attention to the footnote if you are contemplating going as low as 1.7V. You also have some choices for the A/D converter supply. Popular voltages for which there are specific dedicated voltage regulators would be 1.8 VDC, 2.5 VDC and 3.3 VDC.

 

I usually use LM1086CS-3.3 (TO-263) or LM1086CT-3.3 (TO-220).

https://www.ti.com/lit/ds/symlink/lm1086.pdf