I do not understand your first question, except that a connection to a wrong polarity voltage will almost certainly cause semiconductors in the circuit to fail.
If you have two voltages present in a circuit, and know what they should be, then you can check for the difference voltage between them. Going from +5 to -5 will measure 10 volts. It will be +10 if your negative lead is on the negative voltage. You can find common by measuring from one on the known voltage points to one that lets the meter measure both +5 and -5 when the neagtive lead stays there, and the other moves from the +5 pont to the -5 point.
Let's describe clearly for my first question.
If i was connect at one end with +5volt and the other end was connected to GND, this circuit will said it operated at 5 volts.
But if i replace the GND to -5volts, is this mean the total operate voltage in this circuit is 10volt.
i was confusing with, if i supply +12volt to the motor and grounded it, what is the different between supply +12volt and replace the GND by -12volts.
Note that when we double the voltage across any given fixed impedence, we double the current through that impedence. This quadrouples the power which must be dissipated as heat or some other energy. If the components are unable utilise or dissipate this extra power, they will be damaged by the extra heat.