Why are the efficiencies of my patch antenna so poor?

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von_lycaon_1004

Joined Apr 3, 2025
9
I have created an 2.4GHz patch antenna (in CST MW Studio). But I have a problem with efficiency. As the picture of S11 and Z below. I supposed that my Z is good enough for matching 50 Ohm port and S11 also below -10dB. But then why my radiation efficiency is so poor? I have known that radiation efficiency could be calculated by: er = 1-|s11|^2.
with: er: radiation efficiency
s11: reflection coefficient
If that the case, my expected er should be nearly 99%?
Thank you in advance.
P/s: I intended to put this patch to 2x2 array antenna, and its efficiency is also poor. I think I need to figure out from the initial patch first.
1746624109325.png1746624585935.png1746624605327.png 1746624636518.png
 
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