Is there any fashion to build this using only a lm317? I'm in a time crunch and am trying to work with componemts I have. I included a circuit that worked for a 4.5v output. Is there any way to use this to adapt to my current needs?
If you put the 0-10V directly into the LM317 ADJ pin, the output will go from 1.25V to about 10V output with a 12V supply (the LM317 has about a minimum 2V dropout input to output).
Note that Albert's circuit has that same limitation.
Would that be sufficient?
The control pin of the LM317 would need to be at 10.8V to get 12V out and you can't do that with a 10V input. You can get 1.2V to 11.2V by simply connecting the control voltage direct to the LM317 control pin.
I selected the LM317M as it is rated to supply 500mA and will limit the current to just a bit more than that.
That's the minimum voltage between the input and output for the regulator to regulate, as shown below for the LM317.
For a 500mA output the curve shows about 1.7V, depending upon the junction temperature.
Thus with a 12V supply, the maximum output will be about 10.3V.