And it failed for the battery got extremely hot

Is taping wires together such a bad idea? And what happened at ohm's law level causing the heat?

 

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Battery extremely hot is an indication that the battery terminals are shorting.

With close to zero resistance, Ohm's Law suggests that the current is very high, I = V/R = 9V / 0Ω = ∞A

It is not quite clear how the battery is connected to your breadboard. I see two red wires connected to the board. I see one gray and one white wire connected to the battery clip.

 

Here is how the pins where powering the breadboard. These in turn were 'taped' to the battery wires.

 

Do you have an ohmmeter?
Look for a short across the battery clip (with the battery disconnected), not across the battery but across the connector with the battery removed.

 

your wiring looks a bit mystical
there is connection pattern for the type of pin-board you got Breadboard tutorial: learn electronics with Raspberry Pi -- By Russell Barnes. Posted almost 3 years ago.

 

Do you have an ohmmeter?
Look for a short across the battery clip (with the battery disconnected), not across the battery but across the connector with the battery removed.

Yes, the only place I can see for the short to have occurred is inside the battery connector.