The Electrician
- Joined Oct 9, 2007
- 2,970
It has been suggested that you redraw the circuit, but you seem to be having trouble with that. I've attached a schematic showing how you should redraw the circuit to get rid of that "ring" in the center. The ring is just a wire and everything connected to it is just connected together.
After you redraw the schematic, you should probably just solve the whole thing. Then you'll have all the currents and you can calculate the voltages across various resistors with just Ohm's law.
I'm going to do more of the work for you than would be usual, because you seem to be having a lot of trouble with this problem.
To do this is complicated, and you will have to solve a system of 5 equations in 5 unknowns. Have you studied methods for solving systems of simultaneous linear equations? To solve 5 such equations by hand can be a daunting task, and I would recommend not trying to do it by hand, but use a calculator or software program that can do this.
You said you have studied KVL, so using the loop, or mesh, method would be the appropriate thing for you to do. See:
http://www.allaboutcircuits.com/vol_1/chpt_10/3.html
In post #6 Georacer showed how to designate 5 loops (or meshes). To proceed with the solution you need to designate the loop currents with some symbolic value; I labeled the currents I1, I2, I3, I4 and I5. You can see those labels on the attached schematic, though I haven't actually drawn loops like Georacer did. The currents in all my loops are assumed to travel clockwise.
Next you need to derive the loop equations. The way you do this is to add up all the voltages around a particular loop. Take the first loop, for example, where the current is I1. The voltage across R2 is R2*I1; the voltage across R3 is R3*I1. R5 is slightly different because it has two currents, I1 and I2, in it. Therefore the voltage across R5 is (I1-I2)*R5. There's a minus sign in front if I2 because the current I2 is in the opposite direction of I1. Remember, all the currents are in the clockwise direction. Finally, the voltage across R12 is (I1-I5)*R12
When you add up all the voltages around the loop and equate their sum to zero, you get the first loop equation:
(I1)*R2 + (I1)*R3 + (I1-I2)*R5 + (I1-I5)*R12 = 0
By rearranging and collecting terms, this can be re-written so coefficients of the currents are gathered together. To help with the overall solution, put zero placeholders in front of currents that aren't flowing in loop 1:
Eq1: (R2+R3+R5+R12)*I1 - (R5)*I2 + (0)*I3 + (0)*I4 - (R12)*I5 = 0
The reason for putting the zero placeholders in there is to make each equation include all 5 currents; you'll need to do this in order to use standard linear algebra techniques to solve the system of 5 equations in 5 unknowns that you'll end up with.
The equations for loops 4 and 5 will include the 12 volt source like this:
R11*(I4-I3) + R10*I4 + R14*I4 + R13*I4 + 12 = 0
R1*I5 + R12*(I5-I1) - 12 = 0
After rearranging, these two equations become (move the 12 volt quantities to the right-hand side; this is necessary for the later linear algebra solution):
Eq4: (0)*I1 + (0)*I2 - (R11)*I3 + (R10+R11+R13+R14)*I4 + (0)*I5 = -12
Eq5: -(R12)*I1 + (0)*I2 + (0)*I3 + (0)*I4 + (R1+R12)*I5 = 12
It's very important to get the minus signs right!
I've given you equations 1, 4 and 5; I'll leave it to you to derive equations 2 and 3.
After you derive all 5 equations, substitute numerical values for the symbols for the various resistances and put the 5 equations in matrix form like this:
\( \left[ \begin{array}{5}2200 & -1000 & 0 & 0 & -1000\\-1000 & 2200 & -1000 & 0 & 0\\0 & -1000 & 2200 & -1000 & 0\\0 & 0 & -1000 & 1300 & 0\\-1000 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 1100\end{array}\right]\left[ \begin{array}{1}I_1\\I_2\\I_3\\I_4\\I_5\end{array}\right]=\left[ \begin{array}{1}0\\0\\0\\-12\\12\end{array}\right]\)
Then you can solve the system with a suitable calculator or software program.
The result is:
I1 = .010582
I2 = .0027519
I3 = -.0045282
I4 = -.012714
I5 = .020530
These numbers compare almost exactly with values on your original schematic. You can now use Ohm's law to calculate the voltage across any resistor since you now have the currents through them. Don't overlook the fact that the current in the 1000 ohm resistors is the difference of two of the currents you got from the KVL solution. For example, the voltage across R5 is given by (I1-I2)*R5.
After you redraw the schematic, you should probably just solve the whole thing. Then you'll have all the currents and you can calculate the voltages across various resistors with just Ohm's law.
I'm going to do more of the work for you than would be usual, because you seem to be having a lot of trouble with this problem.
To do this is complicated, and you will have to solve a system of 5 equations in 5 unknowns. Have you studied methods for solving systems of simultaneous linear equations? To solve 5 such equations by hand can be a daunting task, and I would recommend not trying to do it by hand, but use a calculator or software program that can do this.
You said you have studied KVL, so using the loop, or mesh, method would be the appropriate thing for you to do. See:
http://www.allaboutcircuits.com/vol_1/chpt_10/3.html
In post #6 Georacer showed how to designate 5 loops (or meshes). To proceed with the solution you need to designate the loop currents with some symbolic value; I labeled the currents I1, I2, I3, I4 and I5. You can see those labels on the attached schematic, though I haven't actually drawn loops like Georacer did. The currents in all my loops are assumed to travel clockwise.
Next you need to derive the loop equations. The way you do this is to add up all the voltages around a particular loop. Take the first loop, for example, where the current is I1. The voltage across R2 is R2*I1; the voltage across R3 is R3*I1. R5 is slightly different because it has two currents, I1 and I2, in it. Therefore the voltage across R5 is (I1-I2)*R5. There's a minus sign in front if I2 because the current I2 is in the opposite direction of I1. Remember, all the currents are in the clockwise direction. Finally, the voltage across R12 is (I1-I5)*R12
When you add up all the voltages around the loop and equate their sum to zero, you get the first loop equation:
(I1)*R2 + (I1)*R3 + (I1-I2)*R5 + (I1-I5)*R12 = 0
By rearranging and collecting terms, this can be re-written so coefficients of the currents are gathered together. To help with the overall solution, put zero placeholders in front of currents that aren't flowing in loop 1:
Eq1: (R2+R3+R5+R12)*I1 - (R5)*I2 + (0)*I3 + (0)*I4 - (R12)*I5 = 0
The reason for putting the zero placeholders in there is to make each equation include all 5 currents; you'll need to do this in order to use standard linear algebra techniques to solve the system of 5 equations in 5 unknowns that you'll end up with.
The equations for loops 4 and 5 will include the 12 volt source like this:
R11*(I4-I3) + R10*I4 + R14*I4 + R13*I4 + 12 = 0
R1*I5 + R12*(I5-I1) - 12 = 0
After rearranging, these two equations become (move the 12 volt quantities to the right-hand side; this is necessary for the later linear algebra solution):
Eq4: (0)*I1 + (0)*I2 - (R11)*I3 + (R10+R11+R13+R14)*I4 + (0)*I5 = -12
Eq5: -(R12)*I1 + (0)*I2 + (0)*I3 + (0)*I4 + (R1+R12)*I5 = 12
It's very important to get the minus signs right!
I've given you equations 1, 4 and 5; I'll leave it to you to derive equations 2 and 3.
After you derive all 5 equations, substitute numerical values for the symbols for the various resistances and put the 5 equations in matrix form like this:
\( \left[ \begin{array}{5}2200 & -1000 & 0 & 0 & -1000\\-1000 & 2200 & -1000 & 0 & 0\\0 & -1000 & 2200 & -1000 & 0\\0 & 0 & -1000 & 1300 & 0\\-1000 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 1100\end{array}\right]\left[ \begin{array}{1}I_1\\I_2\\I_3\\I_4\\I_5\end{array}\right]=\left[ \begin{array}{1}0\\0\\0\\-12\\12\end{array}\right]\)
Then you can solve the system with a suitable calculator or software program.
The result is:
I1 = .010582
I2 = .0027519
I3 = -.0045282
I4 = -.012714
I5 = .020530
These numbers compare almost exactly with values on your original schematic. You can now use Ohm's law to calculate the voltage across any resistor since you now have the currents through them. Don't overlook the fact that the current in the 1000 ohm resistors is the difference of two of the currents you got from the KVL solution. For example, the voltage across R5 is given by (I1-I2)*R5.
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