Do you know what the difference is between AC current and DC current? Are you sure? Let me remind you that we are moving sub atomic particles. This is at the smallest scale you can get. Academic Injun Territory.
The first problem of understanding the difference, is the mis-used term "alternating current". A true alternating current would come from a square alternation. A true on-off, steady constant current, alternation.
The ac from the wall plug should be called angular or rotational current. And angular or rotational voltage. Both the voltage and current are constantly changing.
The second misunderstanding has to do with thinking that both ac and dc current travel or move thru a conductor in the same manner. But it doesn't, because angular current is bent.
The true fact is that dc current is linear and ac current is angular (an arc)(it swivels on the conductor). At a constant current, ....current flows linearly down the conductor. This causes a magnetic field to form around the current But when the current changes.....the magnetic field of the current changes, and will turn the current perpendicular (sideways) to the conductor. When the current changes.....there are two perpendicular forces on the current. Both the linear and the angular (sideways) force. This happens to all the moving electrons at the same time. Instead of the electrons moving straight down the conductor, they twist around the conductor like a squirrel. The whole surface charge of the conductor twists. Like a roller. This twist is the angular part of current.
This is what's happening during self inductance start up time. When we put 5 volts instantly on a conductor....It takes a small period of time for the current to come up. But we only think that because we only measure the linear current. The first part of current is always angular because the current is changing. Therefore the first part of current is twisting the free charge field, rather than pushing it. As the current rate slows to reach steady state....the twist relaxes back out to zero degrees (where is started) and angular current has reverted back to full linear current, only limited by resistance. That's DC current.
AC current.
What controls the ratio of linear to angular flow? First of all.....resistance is what opposes linear current. Reactance is what opposes angular current. So if the conductor is resonant......very little opposition the the angular current. But the resistance still limits the linear current. A resonant conductor will have the maximum current rotation.
That was the opposition the the two currents that effects the ratio. Another control of this ratio.....is the rate of change. We usually think of this as frequency. Greater the rate, the more the twist. Now being that we are only putting in one pi.......is there only a half turn on conductor? No.....the rotation continues until the end of pi....no matter how many turns it takes. And other things can effect the ratio. Net reactance. External or mutual influences. And length...in some cases. And probably temp.... it always changes things.
As the pi current increases......the current will rotate until the it peaks. Then as the current falls back off....the twist will relax back to zero degrees. Then on the next pi......the current rotates in the opposite direction in a like manner. There is no torque or twist on the current....unless the current is changing.
Take the letter H and turn it on it's side. This represents the conductor with an indicated diameter. Now draw a long skinny triangle down along the diameter with a short length for a base. The hypotenuse is the path the charge takes on a charged antenna. A long arc. The short base represents the linear distance movement. So to discharge the antenna.... the charge only needs to go back the short base distance......to have the same potential position before the pi charge.....and back to neutral.
This is how the established pi field ....is un-zipped and cut from the antenna element. With one small length. It's how an angular field is cut. If the element was a closed circuit (or had sink/source capabilities).....the pi field would be absorbed back into the antenna......moving the charge backwards on the same arc back in, instead of the short linear snap, with emission.
Current really does bend. ALL current is angular........dc is steady....but still has a magnetic field. People will tell you that the reason we use ac over dc is because of efficiency and cost. This is a result, not a cause. The reason we use ac over dc is because ac can directly deliver and transfer angular momentum. AC is an angular momentum source.
So on the sub atomic level....angular momentum is really physically rotational. The current conserves the angular momentum thru open rotation.
Let's look at another system. Draw a circle with an origin but no radius. Mark off 12, 3, 6 and 9 o'clock. The origin represents the earth's centerline orbit. The centerline and the earth are moving into the paper. The centerline orbit is a circle the orbits the sun at a constant radius at the sun's equator. This is the distance from the sun...that the gravity pull from sun and earth are equal. Or I should say, the distance the earth would be for balance. This is also the path of a constant velocity earth orbit. If your velocity drops....you fall inside the centerline and if your too fast, you rise outside of it. But the earth does not have a constant velocity. The earth's velocity is constantly changing, under constant acceleration.
To reduce the number of rotations to keep track of.....ignore the 24 hour earth rotation. It is not considered.
A note on terminology. Speed and velocity are linear terms. An arc has neither one. So when you hear speed or velocity used for an arc.....it refers to the acceleration....for that's what it is. Always use proper units and proper ratios. Not like me.
This system conserves angular momentum.....by balancing the gravitation pull of the sun, with the acceleration of the earth. The sun is located in the 9 o'clock direction far, far away. The clock circle is what we would see if we followed the earth during one orbit.
Let's start with earth at 3 o'clock position, and moving into the paper/circle. At this position, the sun will tend to pull the earth toward the centerline, where the balance is (for constant acceleration). That's a perpendicular acceleration. The earth also accelerates into the paper. These two forces will cause the earth to move from the 3 o'clock to the 6 o'clock position towards the centerline. But the earth will now over shoot the centerline because of acceleration. This will put earth at 9 o'clock. At 9 o'clock....the acceleration is too fast now for that orbit, on that side of the centerline........so the earth starts back out towards the 12 o'clock position and overshoots the centerline again. The earth is always trying to reach the centerline....and never does. The earth and sun are NEVER in balance. They are in a symmetrical periodic un-balance. The earth is always trying to achieve balance.
3 o'clock is June. 6 o'clock is September. 9 o'clock is December. 12 o'clock is March. 12 o'clock is high inclination, 6 o'clock is low.
Earth's orbit, like all stable orbits have two perpendicular rotations....the first...the clock rotation (open) has a diameter of about 3 million miles. The second rotation is the circumference of the sun's orbit (closed). If we took the centerline circle and stretched it out...it would be equal to pi (3.14) times the centerline diameter. If we took the clock circle and stretched it out........it would be equal to 4 times the centerline diameter. The earth's rotations are 1 to 1. One closed rotation to one open rotation. If we had two clock turns (open rotations) per one centerline turn............a 1 to 2 ratio....we would have 2 perpendicular inclinations........giving us 8 seasons in one year. Notice that we can not add a rotation to the centerline. Notice also that we have to add clock rotations in increments of one complete rotation.
What unifies the big scale with the small scale is the 3D process and movement of the COM. And Conservation Of Momentum is accomplished in the same manner......an open rotation within a closed rotation. In a circuit, the complete circuit path is the closed rotation. An open rotation is a rotation where the origin moves perpendicular to the rotation. The movement of the origin, is in a closed rotation. A rotating origin. Think about it.
These two rotations are also how a charge particle spins.....and keeps itself together. All charge particles have two spins. An electric and a magnetic.
Think about that.
The first problem of understanding the difference, is the mis-used term "alternating current". A true alternating current would come from a square alternation. A true on-off, steady constant current, alternation.
The ac from the wall plug should be called angular or rotational current. And angular or rotational voltage. Both the voltage and current are constantly changing.
The second misunderstanding has to do with thinking that both ac and dc current travel or move thru a conductor in the same manner. But it doesn't, because angular current is bent.
The true fact is that dc current is linear and ac current is angular (an arc)(it swivels on the conductor). At a constant current, ....current flows linearly down the conductor. This causes a magnetic field to form around the current But when the current changes.....the magnetic field of the current changes, and will turn the current perpendicular (sideways) to the conductor. When the current changes.....there are two perpendicular forces on the current. Both the linear and the angular (sideways) force. This happens to all the moving electrons at the same time. Instead of the electrons moving straight down the conductor, they twist around the conductor like a squirrel. The whole surface charge of the conductor twists. Like a roller. This twist is the angular part of current.
This is what's happening during self inductance start up time. When we put 5 volts instantly on a conductor....It takes a small period of time for the current to come up. But we only think that because we only measure the linear current. The first part of current is always angular because the current is changing. Therefore the first part of current is twisting the free charge field, rather than pushing it. As the current rate slows to reach steady state....the twist relaxes back out to zero degrees (where is started) and angular current has reverted back to full linear current, only limited by resistance. That's DC current.
AC current.
What controls the ratio of linear to angular flow? First of all.....resistance is what opposes linear current. Reactance is what opposes angular current. So if the conductor is resonant......very little opposition the the angular current. But the resistance still limits the linear current. A resonant conductor will have the maximum current rotation.
That was the opposition the the two currents that effects the ratio. Another control of this ratio.....is the rate of change. We usually think of this as frequency. Greater the rate, the more the twist. Now being that we are only putting in one pi.......is there only a half turn on conductor? No.....the rotation continues until the end of pi....no matter how many turns it takes. And other things can effect the ratio. Net reactance. External or mutual influences. And length...in some cases. And probably temp.... it always changes things.
As the pi current increases......the current will rotate until the it peaks. Then as the current falls back off....the twist will relax back to zero degrees. Then on the next pi......the current rotates in the opposite direction in a like manner. There is no torque or twist on the current....unless the current is changing.
Take the letter H and turn it on it's side. This represents the conductor with an indicated diameter. Now draw a long skinny triangle down along the diameter with a short length for a base. The hypotenuse is the path the charge takes on a charged antenna. A long arc. The short base represents the linear distance movement. So to discharge the antenna.... the charge only needs to go back the short base distance......to have the same potential position before the pi charge.....and back to neutral.
This is how the established pi field ....is un-zipped and cut from the antenna element. With one small length. It's how an angular field is cut. If the element was a closed circuit (or had sink/source capabilities).....the pi field would be absorbed back into the antenna......moving the charge backwards on the same arc back in, instead of the short linear snap, with emission.
Current really does bend. ALL current is angular........dc is steady....but still has a magnetic field. People will tell you that the reason we use ac over dc is because of efficiency and cost. This is a result, not a cause. The reason we use ac over dc is because ac can directly deliver and transfer angular momentum. AC is an angular momentum source.
So on the sub atomic level....angular momentum is really physically rotational. The current conserves the angular momentum thru open rotation.
Let's look at another system. Draw a circle with an origin but no radius. Mark off 12, 3, 6 and 9 o'clock. The origin represents the earth's centerline orbit. The centerline and the earth are moving into the paper. The centerline orbit is a circle the orbits the sun at a constant radius at the sun's equator. This is the distance from the sun...that the gravity pull from sun and earth are equal. Or I should say, the distance the earth would be for balance. This is also the path of a constant velocity earth orbit. If your velocity drops....you fall inside the centerline and if your too fast, you rise outside of it. But the earth does not have a constant velocity. The earth's velocity is constantly changing, under constant acceleration.
To reduce the number of rotations to keep track of.....ignore the 24 hour earth rotation. It is not considered.
A note on terminology. Speed and velocity are linear terms. An arc has neither one. So when you hear speed or velocity used for an arc.....it refers to the acceleration....for that's what it is. Always use proper units and proper ratios. Not like me.
This system conserves angular momentum.....by balancing the gravitation pull of the sun, with the acceleration of the earth. The sun is located in the 9 o'clock direction far, far away. The clock circle is what we would see if we followed the earth during one orbit.
Let's start with earth at 3 o'clock position, and moving into the paper/circle. At this position, the sun will tend to pull the earth toward the centerline, where the balance is (for constant acceleration). That's a perpendicular acceleration. The earth also accelerates into the paper. These two forces will cause the earth to move from the 3 o'clock to the 6 o'clock position towards the centerline. But the earth will now over shoot the centerline because of acceleration. This will put earth at 9 o'clock. At 9 o'clock....the acceleration is too fast now for that orbit, on that side of the centerline........so the earth starts back out towards the 12 o'clock position and overshoots the centerline again. The earth is always trying to reach the centerline....and never does. The earth and sun are NEVER in balance. They are in a symmetrical periodic un-balance. The earth is always trying to achieve balance.
3 o'clock is June. 6 o'clock is September. 9 o'clock is December. 12 o'clock is March. 12 o'clock is high inclination, 6 o'clock is low.
Earth's orbit, like all stable orbits have two perpendicular rotations....the first...the clock rotation (open) has a diameter of about 3 million miles. The second rotation is the circumference of the sun's orbit (closed). If we took the centerline circle and stretched it out...it would be equal to pi (3.14) times the centerline diameter. If we took the clock circle and stretched it out........it would be equal to 4 times the centerline diameter. The earth's rotations are 1 to 1. One closed rotation to one open rotation. If we had two clock turns (open rotations) per one centerline turn............a 1 to 2 ratio....we would have 2 perpendicular inclinations........giving us 8 seasons in one year. Notice that we can not add a rotation to the centerline. Notice also that we have to add clock rotations in increments of one complete rotation.
What unifies the big scale with the small scale is the 3D process and movement of the COM. And Conservation Of Momentum is accomplished in the same manner......an open rotation within a closed rotation. In a circuit, the complete circuit path is the closed rotation. An open rotation is a rotation where the origin moves perpendicular to the rotation. The movement of the origin, is in a closed rotation. A rotating origin. Think about it.
These two rotations are also how a charge particle spins.....and keeps itself together. All charge particles have two spins. An electric and a magnetic.
Think about that.
