Transistors as switches

How does Q2 work? it's collector is grounded and the base has -13 volts

What kind of transistor switch is this? it's like a comparator

The resistance on the base is the negative threshold voltage?

 

Here is the schematic

 

Pull up transistor switch ( Sources current & voltage )
pull down transistor switch ( sinks current & voltage )

Here is the schematic drawings

 

Schematics are much easier to read when right side up.

 

What kind of transistor switches is Q3 and Q4?
Since the emitter has +15
and the collector has -15

What kind of transistor switch is this?

 

They are PNP transistors.

 

No I mean what kind of ""SWITCH"" IS IT , since it has -15 on the collector and +15 on the emitter

 

Sir. I cannot read your mind. If you want an answer to the question you want answered. Your question was "What kind of transistor switches is Q3 and Q4?" I answered that question. They are PNPs.

Your new question - what kind of ""SWITCH"" IS IT. It is a PNP transistor switch biased properly as such.

 

It is a PNP transistor switch biased properly as such.

Biased for what?

How is it different then a PNP transistor switch that is Unbiased?

What does a PNP transistor switch that is Biased do different VS a transistor switch that isn't Biased?

i don't understand the difference or advantage of a transistor switch that is Biased VS unbiased

 

These transistor switches have a Bias or threshold voltage on the Bias

It seems that the transistors switches will only turn ON when it exceeds the Bias voltage

Take a look at the +Vcc and - Vcc on the Bases of the Transistor switches

Q1 is a SHUNT switch
Q2 is what kind of switch? it doesn't shunt or short out the signal to ground, so what is it called?

 

How does this transistor Q6 transistor switch work?

here is the schematic

 

Sir. I cannot read your mind. If you want an answer to the question you want answered. Your question was "What kind of transistor switches is Q3 and Q4?" I answered that question. They are PNPs.

Your new question - what kind of ""SWITCH"" IS IT. It is a PNP transistor switch biased properly as such.

Hahahahaha!
Circularity!

 

I mean it's not a shunt switch, so how do the transistor switch function or work?