I don't know of any comprehensive reference. However, most of the op amp manufacturers have "selection guides" on their web pages that serve that purpose. Here's one example.

Wow, how awesome is that! Thank you sir, duly noted.

 

The voltage regulators recommended are designed for the job so just go with them. They have internal reference and OpAmp as well as other goodies for protection.
Unless you really need to build your own, and if so, Google is you friend.
All OpAmp manufacturers publish data sheets so download some and have a read. Also look at the voltage regulator data sheets and app notes.

I think building a decent power supply is a rite of passage for an electronics hobbyist. A must do at least once.

 

Yes indeed. My first power supply, used for many years until it died, used a 2N301A pass transistor driven by an AC126 I think. It had a handful or resistors, a zenner , 2 transistors and a pot to adjust the output. Along with the power transformer, it was all crammed into an electrical junction box.
No over current of over temp protection at all.
A good start for a simple first power supply is the LM317. Just don't get caught by the the pinouts not being the same as most other regs. And make sure you electrically isolate the tab from the heatsink.

 

make sure you electrically isolate the tab from the heatsink.

Or, if not, the heatsink from the chassis and the rest of the circuit.