input protection

In op-amps where the absolute maximum input voltage range is limited to the range of the supply rails, is it sufficient to clamp inputs right at the supply rails or should they be clamped a bit lower/higher to allow for wiggle room? For example, I'm designing a single-supply audio circuit and...

Hey all! :) I was looking for a solution to protect the analog pins of the ESP32 microcontroller. My circuit can produce voltages up to 5V and the analog pins of the ESP32 can only withstand 3.3V max. I found a solution online (picture attached) but I don't understand how the circuit works. I...

i have developed a small board that has a controller and a 16x2 display. I am powering up the board using external smps power supply. I want to add serge protection, so that my system will be protected from any time of serge or spikes. One option is i can use fuse but i want to know what else...

Hi, I have am designing a sensor that will be powered at 24V, switched through a relay and up to 4m of cable. When switched through a relay I experience an overvoltage of up to 40v due to the high rise time and cable length. The voltage regulator I am to use has a maximum input voltage of 32v...