They are components. The 741 and 555 are the generic names, several different manufacturers make these components. This is where names like the LM741 or NE555 come in, the letters tell you WHO made it.
The manufacturer who first makes a device is free to label it in about any way they like.
Just in case you are being very literal, 741 stands for an obsolete op amp that had the distinction of having the first internal compensating capacitor.
A 555 is a timing IC that uses an external RC network to control the time period.