I'm feeling big hearted tonight.
A decade is the range of numbers between two successive powers of 10. eg 1 to 10 10 to 100 and 100 to 1000 are all decades.
An octave is the range of numbers between successive powers of 2. eg 32 to 64 or 64 to 128
Sure, the base value is arbitrary but for any given base value the other end of the range is 2 times greater for an octave or ten times greater for a decade. You could also fix the upper end of the range in which case the lower end would one half or one tenth respectively.