The longer I think about it, I could see that a leak on the lower head gasket (gasket to block) could leak and fill the oil pan to lock the engine if allowed to sit a while before starting. Likewise, the stopped engine could allow coolant to enter the cylinder and cause a hydraulic lock on starting. In either case, I doubt the starter motor would be strong enough to break a connecting rod or bend a crankshaft.I can't imagine a head gasket leak into the intake valve cavity, but maybe some engines have the entire intake plenum attached where a gasket leak could put coolant into the air stream. I don't have one of those, but HP seems to be talking about that scenario. Have you ever seen an engine designed that way?
The only story I've ever heard about water and bent motor parts are a boat flipping upside down with the engine running at a good clip. That was an unvalidated rumor. I never saw the boat run again but I also never heard an official diagnosis from the owner.