PIC Sound Generator

ELECTRONERD · Aug 10, 2010

Hey Everyone,

I haven't been on AAC for a little while, my job has kept me busy. I still browse the other posts when I can, and I try to remain assiduous at my projects after I finish work each day, if time permits of course.

Project:

I just began programming with PICs and have run through a series of projects to exercise my skill level in programming; this particular project is entitled a "PIC Sound Generator" in which it will generate notes at my command.

Theory & Operation:

I begin with all my header files, definings, etc. until I reach my first function. This function allows me to enter a note that I previously stored into an array, and then define how long of a duration I wish it to play for.

My frequency is set by Timer0 on the PIC, in which I rapidly turn RA0 on and off depending on my TMR0L and TMR0H values, and furthermore, my array value. TMR0H and TMR0L enable me to use 16-bit mode since my lowest note is 1515μS. Remember that I wish to know my lowest frequency note since the delay is longer. If I were to use 8-bit, my maximum delay would be 128μS. Thus, equation for 16-Bit timer:

\(Frequency Delay = [(65536 - Delay)*0.5uS]2\)

Which simplifies to:

\(Frequency Delay (uS) = (65536 - Delay)\)

It has already been noted to me that Timer2 would be a better choice, but I wish to become more familliar with all the PICs abilities and attributes, so I will eventually learn about Timer2 as well.

In the main() function, you see I have a long list of the playNote function commands. These, as I mentioned, give me what note I want and for how long I wish to play it. The latter statement is based on whole notes (actually quarter notes) and half notes (actually eighth notes). The music is depicted here:

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/Gstk.png

The time signature is 3/4; meaning there are 3 quarter (1/4) notes per measure; or section in my comments. Therefore, to make the music even, a section must eventually add up to 3 quarter notes. Otherwise, the music becomes convoluted and not very pleasant to listen to. I can, at my disposal, change how fast I want my music to play if I change my WHOLE or HALF values previously defined at the beginning. Note that they correlate with one another; if I have 800 as the WHOLE, I must have half of that for the HALF value. I was fortunate to have experience in this regard (I play classical guitar), so that made things much easier.

Code:

Using PIC18F1320, with C18 compiler

Rich (BB code):

//
// CreatingSound2.C Song "God Save The Queen"
//
 #include <p18f1320.h>
 #include <delays.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
 #pragma config OSC=INTIO2, WDT=OFF, LVP=OFF, DEBUG=ON
 #define PAUSE Delay1KTCYx(50);
 #define WHOLE 1000
 #define HALF 500
 #define LONG 2000
 
void playNote(unsigned int note, unsigned int timer)   // Note & Timer driver; determines which note will be played and for how long
        {    
    unsigned int times, freq, notes[] = {64021, 64105, 64185, 64260, 64331, 64398, 64462, 64522, 64578, 64632, 64682, 64730, 64774, 64817, 64856, 64895};   
                freq = notes[note];   // Determine frequency based on array value
                INTCONbits.TMR0IF = 0;   // Clear OVF Flag
                LATA = 0x01;   // Initialize LATA 
                TMR0L = freq & 0xFF;     
                TMR0H = (freq >> 8) & 0xFF;            
                T0CON|=0x80;
 
                for(times=timer;times>0;times--)   // Duration of playing
                {
                                TMR0H = (freq >> 8) & 0xFF;   //Load TMR0H byte first
                                TMR0L = freq & 0xFF;   // Load TMR0L byte next
                                while(!INTCONbits.TMR0IF);   // Wait for timer
`        INTCONbits.TMR0IF = 0;   // Clear OVF Flag
        LATA = ~LATA;   // Invert output   
                }
   PAUSE;
        }
 
 void main()
 {
 
 OSCCONbits.IRCF0=1; 
 OSCCONbits.IRCF1=1;
 OSCCONbits.IRCF2=1;
 T0CONbits.TMR0ON = 0;   // Don't turn timer on yet
 T0CONbits.T08BIT = 0;  // Timer0 is configured as 16-bit timer
 T0CONbits.T0CS = 0;   // Use internal clock
 T0CONbits.PSA = 1;   // Prescaler is not assigned
 T0CONbits.T0PS2 = 0;
 T0CONbits.T0PS1 = 0;
 T0CONbits.T0PS0 = 0;
 while(!OSCCONbits.IOFS);
 TRISA = 0b11111110;   // Use RA0 as output
 
 while(1)
 {
  playNote(3, WHOLE);  // Section 1
  playNote(3, WHOLE);
  playNote(3, WHOLE);
 
  playNote(1, WHOLE);  // Section 2
  playNote(3, HALF);
  playNote(5, WHOLE);
 
  playNote(7, WHOLE);  // Section 3
  playNote(7, WHOLE);
  playNote(8, WHOLE);
 
  playNote(5, WHOLE);  // Section 4
  playNote(7, HALF);
  playNote(8, WHOLE);
 
  playNote(12, WHOLE); // Section 5
  playNote(0, WHOLE);
  playNote(12, WHOLE);
 
  playNote(7, WHOLE);  // Section 6
  playNote(8, HALF);
  playNote(10, WHOLE);
 
  playNote(12, WHOLE); // Section 7
  playNote(12, WHOLE);
  playNote(13, WHOLE);
 
  playNote(10, WHOLE); // Section 8
  playNote(10, HALF);
  playNote(12, WHOLE);
 
  playNote(5, WHOLE);  // Section 9
  playNote(1, WHOLE);
  playNote(3, HALF);
 
  playNote(3, LONG);  // Section 10
 
  playNote(10, WHOLE); // Section 11
  playNote(10, WHOLE);
  playNote(10, WHOLE);
 
  playNote(10, WHOLE); // Section 12
  playNote(8, HALF);
  playNote(7, WHOLE);
 
  playNote(8, WHOLE);  // Section 13
  playNote(8, WHOLE);
  playNote(8, WHOLE);
 
  playNote(8, WHOLE);  // Section 14
  playNote(7, HALF);
  playNote(5, WHOLE);
 
  playNote(5, WHOLE);  // Section 15
  playNote(7, WHOLE);
  playNote(7, HALF);
 
  playNote(0, LONG);  // Section 16
 
  playNote(15, WHOLE); // Section 17
  playNote(15, WHOLE);
  playNote(15, WHOLE);
 
  playNote(15, WHOLE); // Section 18
  playNote(13, HALF);
  playNote(12, WHOLE);
 
  playNote(13, WHOLE); // Section 19
  playNote(13, WHOLE);
  playNote(13, WHOLE);
 
  playNote(13, WHOLE); // Section 20
  playNote(12, HALF);
  playNote(10, WHOLE);
 
  playNote(7, WHOLE);  // Section 21
  playNote(8, HALF);
  playNote(7, HALF);
  playNote(5, HALF);
  playNote(3, HALF);
 
  playNote(7, WHOLE);  // Section 22
  playNote(8, HALF);
  playNote(10, WHOLE);
 
  playNote(12, WHOLE); // Section 23
  playNote(5, WHOLE);
  playNote(3, HALF);
 
  playNote(3, LONG);  // Section 24
 
  playNote(12, WHOLE); // Section 25
  playNote(13, HALF);
  playNote(12, HALF);
  playNote(10, HALF);
  playNote(8, HALF);
 
  playNote(7, WHOLE);  // Section 26
  playNote(5, HALF);
  playNote(3, WHOLE);
 
  playNote(5, WHOLE);  // Section 27
  playNote(7, WHOLE);
  playNote(7, HALF);
 
  playNote(0, LONG);  // Section 28
 
  Delay100TCYx(255);
 }
}

A picture of my setup is depicted in the attachements and to see it working click the following link:

http://s974.photobucket.com/albums/ae227/ElectroNerdy/uC%20Video/?action=view&current=PICSoudGenerator.mp4&newest=1

On the o'scope you'll notice that the waveform is somewhat distorted, this is due to the speaker. If I were to take that off, not only would you not have any sound (obviously), but it would then give you an adequate square wave.

I hope you all enjoyed this! If you have any suggestions or comments for me, please feel free to mention them! I would be grateful for any comments in order to edify myself.

I would like to thank 3v0 and Hayato for their help!

Austin

russ_hensel · Aug 12, 2010

and your question is?....

ELECTRONERD · Aug 12, 2010

russ_hensel said:
and your question is?....

I apologize, I suppose this particular thread should have been moved to the Projects forum! It is a completed project I recently did, so I thought I would share it with everyone.

Sorry for the misunderstanding!

Thanks,

Austin

retched · Aug 13, 2010

The ability to read an external file, possibly from a memory card, to enable you to compose separate 'songs' without needing separate PICs to play them would be a nice next logical step.

This is a nice project for folks who wish to get involved in PIC programming and in-circuit programming.

It gives instant feedback of a job-well-done.

Good Job.

ELECTRONERD · Aug 13, 2010

Thanks Retched!

Now I'm storing additional songs into 2D arrays, containing the notes and time values. I plan on having three switches which will enable me to select between the three different songs. I'll post the results here when I finish!

bertus · Aug 13, 2010

Hello,

When you made the changes, can you also post the schematic?
Then it would be a complete project.

Bertus

ELECTRONERD · Aug 13, 2010

Hi Bertus,

It really isn't much of a schematic, simply a 47μF cap connected from the RA0 I/O pin and then to the speaker.

If you think it is necessary, I can make a schematic.

retched · Aug 14, 2010

Might as well post the schematic. Im sure this will be a popular project with first time uC users. At least that way they have a schematic to compare their build against, no matter how simple or small.

ELECTRONERD · Aug 14, 2010

retched said:
Might as well post the schematic. Im sure this will be a popular project with first time uC users. At least that way they have a schematic to compare their build against, no matter how simple or small.

Alright, then I'll go ahead and post it for everyone. However, this project is a progressional type of one, thus I am currently working on it with several more features. I'll post both the schematics when I finish.

Till Then,

Austin

ELECTRONERD · Sep 14, 2010

Hey Everyone,

Here is the schematic, as requested in addition to the new code:

http://mufnet.net/index.php?show=1261

Rich (BB code):


//
//      CreatingSound3.C
//
        #include <p18f1320.h>
        #include <delays.h>
        #include <adc.h>
        #pragma config OSC=INTIO2, WDT=OFF, LVP=OFF, DEBUG=ON
        #define PAUSE Delay1KTCYx(50);
        rom const unsigned int songs[6][80] = {
                                                                {0, 5, 7, 8, 10, 8, 0, 0, 5, 7, 8, 0, 8, 5, 12, 10, 12, 17, 19, 20, 22, 20, 12, 12, 17, 19, 20, 12, 20, 17, 24, 22, 12, 12, 17, 19, 20, 17, 24, 20, 29, 17, 17, 20, 19, 17, 24, 20, 17, 12, 12, 17, 30, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0},
                                                                {500, 1000, 1500, 250, 250, 1000, 500, 500, 1500, 250, 250, 250, 250, 250, 250, 1500, 500, 1000, 1500, 250, 250, 1000, 500, 500, 1500, 250, 250, 250, 250, 250, 250, 1500, 250, 250, 500, 250, 250, 250, 250, 250, 1000, 250, 250, 250, 250, 250, 1500, 250, 250, 500, 500, 1500, 500, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0},
                                                                {7, 9, 10, 9, 10, 12, 14, 15, 14, 12, 10, 14, 15, 14, 19, 17, 19, 12, 14, 15, 14, 30, 10, 12, 14, 12, 10, 14, 9, 10, 9, 9, 10, 12, 10, 9, 7, 9, 7, 6, 10, 9, 10, 9, 7, 6, 14, 7, 12, 10, 9, 14, 15, 17, 15, 14, 12, 9, 7, 6, 7, 30, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0},
                                                                {500, 500, 500, 250, 500, 500, 500, 500, 500, 250, 500, 500, 500, 500, 500, 250, 500, 500, 500, 500, 1500, 500, 500, 500, 500, 250, 500, 1500, 500, 250, 500, 500, 500, 500, 500, 250, 500, 500, 500, 500, 1000, 500, 500, 250, 500, 1000, 500, 500, 250, 500, 1500, 500, 250, 500, 500, 250, 500, 1500, 250, 500, 1500, 5000, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0},
                                                                {5, 5, 5, 3, 5, 7, 9, 9, 10, 7, 9, 10, 14, 2, 14, 9, 10, 12, 14, 14, 158, 12, 12, 14, 7, 3, 5, 5, 12, 12, 12, 12, 10, 9, 10, 10, 10, 10, 9, 7, 7, 9, 9, 2, 17, 17, 17, 17, 15, 14, 15, 15, 15, 15, 14, 12, 9, 10, 9, 7, 5, 9, 10, 12, 14, 7, 5, 5, 14, 15, 14, 12, 10, 9, 7, 5, 7, 9, 9, 20},
                                                                {500, 500, 500, 1500, 250, 500, 500, 500, 500, 1500, 250, 500, 500, 500, 500, 1500, 250, 500, 500, 500, 500, 1500, 250, 500, 500, 1000, 250, 1500, 500, 500, 500, 1500, 250, 500, 500, 500, 500, 1500, 250, 500, 500, 500, 250, 1500, 500, 500, 500, 1500, 250, 500, 500, 500, 500, 1500, 250, 500, 500, 250, 250, 250, 250, 1500, 250, 500, 500, 1500, 250, 1500, 500, 250, 250, 250, 250, 1500, 250, 500, 500, 1500, 250, 1500}
                                                          };
void playNote(unsigned int note, unsigned int timer)   // Note & Timer driver; determines which note will be played and for how long
        {
                        unsigned int times, freq, notes[] = {58725, 59107, 59468, 59809, 60131, 60434, 60720, 60990, 61245, 61486, 61714, 61928, 62131, 62322, 62502, 62672, 62833, 62985, 63128, 63263, 63391, 63511, 63625, 63732, 63833, 63929, 64019, 64104, 64104, 64184, 64260, 65536};
         freq = notes[note];   // Determine frequency based on array value
            INTCONbits.TMR0IF = 0;   // Clear OVF Flag
            LATA = 0x01;   // Initialize LATA
            TMR0L = freq & 0xFF;
            TMR0H = (freq >> 8) & 0xFF;
            T0CON|=0x80;
            for(times=timer;times>0;times--)   // Duration of playing
            {
                TMR0H = (freq >> 8) & 0xFF;   //Load TMR0H byte first
                TMR0L = freq & 0xFF;   // Load TMR0L byte next
                while(!INTCONbits.TMR0IF);   // Wait for timer
`                            INTCONbits.TMR0IF = 0;   // Clear OVF Flag
                                LATA = ~LATA;   // Invert output
            }
                PAUSE;
        }
void playSong(unsigned int song)
{
        int time, note, counter;
while(1)
{
        if(song==0)     // Song 1
        {
                for(counter=0;counter<53;counter++)
                {
                        note = songs[0][counter];       // Song 1 notes
                        time = songs[1][counter];       // Song 1 time values
                        playNote(note, time);   // Play through notes and times
                }
        break;  // When song 1 finishes, break
        }
        else if(song==1)        // Song 2
        {
                for(counter=0;counter<63;counter++)
                {
                        note = songs[2][counter];       // Song 2 notes
                        time = songs[3][counter];       // Song 2 time values
                        playNote(note, time);   // Play through notes and times
                }
        break;  // When song 2 finishes, break
        }
        else if(song==2)        // Song 3
        {
                for(counter=0;counter<80;counter++)
                {
                        note = songs[4][counter];       // Song 3 notes
                        time = songs[5][counter];       // Song 3 time values
                        playNote(note, time);      // Play through notes and times
                }
        break;  // When song 3 finishes, break
        }
        else
        {
                LATB = 0x08;    // Otherwise, LED 4
        }
 }
}
        void main()
        {
        ADCON1 = 0x0E;  // ADC Settings as digital inputs from RA1-RA3
        OSCCONbits.IRCF0=1;
        OSCCONbits.IRCF1=1;
        OSCCONbits.IRCF2=1;
        T0CONbits.TMR0ON = 0;   // Don't turn timer on yet
        T0CONbits.T08BIT = 0;   // Timer0 is configured as 16-bit timer
        T0CONbits.T0CS = 0;       // Use internal clock
        T0CONbits.PSA = 1;   // Prescaler is not assigned
        T0CONbits.T0PS2 = 0;
        T0CONbits.T0PS1 = 0;
        T0CONbits.T0PS0 = 0;
        while(!OSCCONbits.IOFS);
        TRISA = 0xFE;
        TRISB = 0xF0;
        while(1)
        {
               switch(PORTA & 0x0E)
               {
                case 0x0C:
                        LATB = 0x01;
                        playSong(0);
                        break;
                case 0x0A:
                        LATB = 0x02;
                        playSong(1);
                        break;
                case 0x06:
                        LATB = 0x04;
                        playSong(2);
                        break;
                default:
                        LATB = 0x08;
                }
         }
}

I also have a video of it in action:

http://s974.photobucket.com/albums/ae227/ElectroNerdy/uC%20Project/?action=view&current=PICSoundGenerator3C.mp4&newest=1

Thanks!

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PIC Sound Generator

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