The Electric Universe/Plasma Universe

The Electric Universe is developed upon plasma cosmology, which is a recognized discipline within the practical electrical engineering profession through the Institute for Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE). Refereed papers on plasma cosmology are published in the IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science. The freewheeling discussion in that journal is reminiscent of the science journals of more than a century ago, not the monoculture of the big bang today. My paper on the electrical nature of supernovae and stars was published there in 2007. [It is curious that astronomers’ plot stellar colors and brightness (the Hezsprung-Russell diagram) like “Alice through the Looking Glass.” Left and right are reversed, which makes it difficult to see the obvious connection between the electrical power arriving at a star and the star’s color, size and brightness]. Unlike big bang cosmology, plasma cosmology is subject to experimental tests in the laboratory and follows the Lichtenberg experimental tradition. Any ‘bangs’ it creates are real and noisy. Plasma cosmology can demonstrate with simple physical principles the electrical formation and behavior of spiral galaxies and stars without recourse to hypothetical dark matter and black holes.

Almost the entire visible universe is composed of plasma—a gas where some of the atoms have lost an electron or two. However, unlike the gases we are familiar with on Earth, plasma reacts strongly to the presence of electromagnetic fields and is a better conductor than copper. Its behavior has been described as complex and “life-like.” That should be a clue! The universe is principally an electrical plasma phenomenon.

Electricity exists in space. Magnetic fields detected in space can only be generated by electric currents. Radio telescopes routinely map galactic magnetic fields and their field configuration matches that found in plasma cosmology experiments. If science were the advertised open pursuit of truth, we should expect big bang cosmologists to be rushing to the plasma labs. Not a bit of it. They are principally theoretical mathematicians. We strike the artificial modern barrier of specialism. The cultural historian, Jaques Barzun, defined specialism as “a piece of etiquette which decrees that no specialist shall bother with the concerns of another, lest he be thought intruding and be shown up as ignorant. Specialism is born of what the philosopher Arthur Balfour called ‘the pernicious doctrine that superficial knowledge is worse than no knowledge at all.’ Rampant specialism, an arbitrary and purely social evil, is not recognized for the crabbed guild spirit that it is, and few are bold enough to say that carving out a small domain and exhausting its soil affords as much chance for protected irresponsibility as for scientific thoroughness.” —Science: the glorious entertainment.

The plasma cosmologist Eric Lerner, author of The Big Bang never Happened, says “one of the most destructive features of the methodology of the big bang is that it conveys the idea that only people versed in extremely complicated mathematics can understand the universe… This is, of course, the argument of the emperor’s new clothes. If you can’t see the emperor’s new clothes you must be either stupid or incompetent.”

Engineers are neither stupid nor incompetent. Much of the hyped success of science over the last century can be attributed to engineers. And it is engineers who tend to prefer the real-world simplicity of the Electric Universe to the metaphysics of the big bang and black holes.

The Simple Electric Universe

A signature of a good theory is its simplicity. One of the participants at the London meeting concluded:

“I think the Electric Universe is actually very simple.

In essence, everything hinges on the question of whether or not electricity exists in space. The mainstream view is that it does not; we argue that it does. Everything else flows from that.

What we are attempting to do is bring about a scientific revolution; The Electric Revolution. This Revolution will have as far-reaching consequences as the Copernican revolution, which was also based on one simple idea, is the Earth or the Sun at the centre?

Like the Copernican revolution, the data can be interpreted in both ways; Copernicus did not phrase his argument that the Sun was at the centre; he merely suggested that it was an awful lot easier to interpret the data if, for the sake of calculation alone, one pretended that it was. In the same way, I believe we are essentially suggesting that it's an awful lot easier to explain the observed behaviour of the universe if one allows electricity to have a role. Yes, you can develop a gravity-only model that gives the right answers, but having to live with 96% of the resulting universe being dark and unobservable is no better than having to have multiple levels of epicycles to explain the planetary motions around the earth.

That's why it's so simple. Just assume electricity is there and it all becomes a whole lot easier.” —Bob Johnson

History will show that our present big bang cosmology is an unfortunate accident of timing. The foundations of the big bang story were being laid down early in the 20th century. At the same time, electric lights were just being introduced and the study of electric discharges in gases was in its infancy. The result was that Einstein’s new, esoteric geometric theory of gravity that treats empty space as an ‘object’ capable of being warped, was combined with a curious interpretation of the redshift from faint extragalactic objects (that was not favored by Hubble himself as being physically likely) to produce the notion of an expanding universe. The fact that this defied a principle of physics in creating matter from nothing at the beginning, or big bang, seems not to have concerned theorists. It should have. Invoking “the ultimate free lunch” is not science. On the other hand, based on observation the Electric Universe assumes a universe of unknown age and extent.

“Who, indeed, are we as a species to dare ask such mighty questions as concern the origin of the universe and in unique arrogance believe we may have the correct answer within cosmic microseconds of the asking.” —Gerrit L. Verschuur, Interstellar Matters.

http://www.holoscience.com/news.php?article=wxse6f8q

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>> Gerrit Verschuur, radio astronomer and popularizer of astronomy. Past director of the Fiske Planetarium, U. of Colorado, Boulder, CO. Radio astronomy is a crucial tool for mapping cosmic circuitry in an Electric Universe.

The intellectual hubris of big bang theorists is shocking when we find that science cannot explain the simplest phenomena associated with matter. Mass, gravity, magnetism, and light are a mystery. We have equations that describe what happens when a charged particle is accelerated; you drop something from a height; a current passes down a wire; and light strikes a surface. But mathematical descriptions do not constitute a physical explanation.

Meanwhile, the last century has seen great progress in understanding the phenomena of electricity in vacuum tubes, arc lamps, arc welders, industrial electric discharge machining and ultra high-energy experiments at Los Alamos National Laboratories and Sandia Laboratories. Electrical engineers were the first to see striking parallels with astronomical phenomena, beginning with the Earth’s aurorae.

The Norwegian, Kristian Birkeland, in the early 1900s set up an electromagnetic observatory inside the Arctic circle. He associated the magnetic effects of aurorae with electric currents flowing between the Sun and the Earth. His electrical “Terrella” or “little Earth” experiments were able to reproduce the features of aurorae, sunspots, comets, etc. The BIG LESSON from the Terella experiments is that they required EXTERNAL ELECTRICAL POWER GENERATED SOME DISTANCE AWAY. In recent years his name has been applied to the electric currents discovered in space—“Birkeland currents.”

Engineers find it easy to light our cities with electrical power generated at some distance from the city. It never occurs to astronomers that Nature uses the same simple method of lighting galaxies. They have never considered that stars might be a cosmic electrical phenomenon, like streetlights tracing the path of power lines. It was Dr. Charles Bruce, a fellow of the Institute of Electrical Engineers as well as of the Royal Astronomical Society, whose work on lightning allowed him to identify electrical activity on the Sun, on stars and in galaxies.

The Nobel Prize winning Hannes Alfvén was trained as an electrical engineer but went on to produce much of the theoretical underpinning of electrical behavior in the Electric Universe. An article about his work with the title “Alfvén’s Electric Universe” appeared in the Boston Globe on Monday, March 20, 1989. Alfvén insisted that it was of prime importance to understand cosmic circuitry. But astronomers ignored him.

So discoveries about lightning and auroras continue to surprise physicists even in this space age. Perhaps there is a good reason for this. Our Earthly experience is one of solids, liquids and gases. The region we inhabit between the ionosphere, some 80km above us, and the surface of the Earth, is one of the rarest environments in the universe. We inhabit part of the .001% or less of the universe where plasma is not to be found naturally except in the lightning bolt and occasional aurora. Plasma has been termed ‘the fourth state of matter’ but in view of its ubiquity it would be better termed ‘the fundamental state of matter.’

It is a state where neutral atoms are mixed with charged particles, positive and negative. These particles may be as small as electrons and protons or may range up to the size of molecules and dust particles. In a gaseous plasma, like we find throughout the universe, the charged particles respond more strongly to electromagnetic forces than they do to mechanical or gravitational forces. One of the results we see in lightning is the constriction of electric currents to form long filaments. And the filamentary nature of plasma in space is well documented. No dark matter, sprinkled where required to save a theory, is necessary.


>> Survey of the nearby universe maps the distribution of about 75,000 galaxies (small blue dots). The placement of each galaxy in the radial direction is proportional to its distance from the Earth (which is located at the intersection of the two wedges), and its angular position (or right ascension in hours of arc) corresponds to its location along a thin strip in the sky. The galaxies clearly trace a network of filamentary structures.
Image courtesy of the 2dF Galaxy Redshift Survey team.

The Electric Universe assumes that Nature is not wilfully hiding her secrets. The complexity we observe in the universe comes from very simple electrical principles, some of which can be tested with very simple apparatus. Science is open to everyone. The visible universe is an electrical phenomenon, from the structure of subatomic particles to the superclusters of galaxies in deep space.

>> Playing with a magnet and a plasma discharge tube, the "Aurora Borealis Tube Display," by Resonance Research Corporation.

The Electric Universe model is simple enough that it can be taught to young children, but it first requires that cosmology is actually included in the science curriculum and then treated with a reasonable level of importance (the subject of a forthcoming article). For the more mature student, the science curriculum should include studying the behaviour of electricity in gases. Everyone is familiar with lightning. Most have seen fluorescent and neon lights. And the writhing “life-like” filaments in the novelty ‘plasma ball’ are a favorite with kids. But familiarity with lightning and neon lights does not equate with understanding. Lightning and the plasma behavior inside those glass tubes and balls are a mystery to almost everyone. Yet the environment inside those objects most closely equates to that of the rest of the universe.

>> Plasma ball and planetary nebula NGC 6751. Credit for NGC 6751, NASA and STScI/AURA.

The outgoing president of the International Astronomical Union (IAU) 2009, Catherine Cesarsky, said recently, “I think young scientists should guard themselves against brainwashing. They should look beyond the road maps, even if we put the best we know in them. Also, they should resist specializing too much at the cost of the big picture. The best way to escape [the] bandwagon effect is to look at things from a distance, to connect different ideas.”

It is time for another idea in astronomy. The Electric Universe is a new ‘big picture’ of the universe that “looks at things from a distance and connects different ideas.” If science has become ‘show biz,’ the broad panorama of the Electric Universe is fitted for an Imax theatre show like nothing else before it. The Electric Universe releases us from the confining eggshell of big bang metaphysics and propels us into the real universe. Our future depends on it. The possible scientific, technological and cultural advances will be, as Arthur C. Clarke so ably expressed it, “indistinguishable from magic.”

My thanks to Bob Johnson and Gerald Pecksen for their help in London and their valuable views about an Electric Revolution.

Wal Thornhill
http://www.holoscience.com/news.php?article=wxse6f8q

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Turbulent inward pinch of plasma confined by a levitated dipole magnet!
The rearrangement of plasma as a result of turbulence is among the most important processes that occur in planetary magnetospheres and in experiments used for fusion energy research. Remarkably, fluctuations that occur in active magnetospheres drive particles inward and create centrally peaked profiles. Until now, the strong peaking seen in space has been undetectable in the laboratory because the loss of particles along the magnetic field is faster than the net driven flow across the magnetic field. Here, we report the first laboratory measurements in which a strong superconducting magnet is levitated and used to confine high-temperature plasma in a configuration that resembles planetary magnetospheres. Levitation eliminates field-aligned particle loss, and the central plasma density increases markedly. The build-up of density characterizes a sustained turbulent pinch and is equal to the rate predicted from measured electric-field fluctuations. Our observations show that dynamic principles describing magnetospheric plasma are relevant to plasma confined by a levitated dipole.
http://www.nature.com/nphys/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/nphys1510.html

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jjohnson said:

Seems that charged particles ALWAYS meet more resistance trying to move across a magnetic field than along the field "lines", so the field aligned charged particles "escape" with a relatively high velocity compared with the "jaywalkers". I can't access the rest of the paper without forking over a bribe or ransom or reader tax or whatever, so can't find out if they are using magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) to simulate or model these phenomena, or not. Since plasma state phenomena are NOT well simulated by MHD equations, which ignore electric fields (Alfvén, 1970) that would be an inappropriate application of the math.

JL's right - see Terella for a real lab simulation! -and the copyright is probably just about up, so that mainstream cosmologists should be able to start showing it freely as their own new discoveries. Maybe the should shell out 8 or 9 bucks and read Jago's Northern Lights for a lot less money than buying a PDF of this paper!
http://www.thunderbolts.info/forum/phpBB3/posting.php?mode=quote&f=3&p=31881

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Anaconda said:

This is an important breakthrough for actual physical experiments that test concepts of plasma dynamics in space environments (not a remarkable statement in itself).
But there is one phrase from the linked abstract that needs to be highlighted:

...the net driven flow across the magnetic field.

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In other words, the plasma flow across a magnetic field.

Why is this important?

Because this is the foundational physical relationship that animates all the other physical relationships & processes of the Plasma Universe:

“The moving plasma, i.e., charged particles flows, are currents that produce self-magnetic fields, however weak.” — Dr. Anthony L. Peratt, Los Alamos National Laboratory
“An electromotive force [mathematical equation] giving rise to electrical currents in conducting media is produced wherever a relative perpendicular motion of plasma and magnetic fields exists.” — Dr. Anthony L. Peratt, Los Alamos National Laboratory

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Dr. Anthony L. Peratt's educational and professional biography:
http://www.ieee.org/organizations/pubs/newsletters/npss/0306/peratt.html

The two passages are taken from two of Dr. Peratt's scientific papers.
Why are these two physical relationships important?

Because this is the two-step process that generates electric currents in space plasma and causes Electric Double Layers.

Notice Dr. Peratt doesn't say, "A plasma flow is an electrical current." The two step process is critical for a proper conceptual understanding.

This is where the Electric Universe promotes a conceptual understanding that causes it to have problems persuading others of its validity.

Electric current is not just quasi-neutral plasma flowing from one point to another, rather, electric current requires that charge seperation be present. Charge seperation requires quasi-neutral plasma to flow perpendicularly across a magnetic field which causes an Electric Double Layer (see link for detailed discussion of double layers in plasma):
http://www.plasma-universe.com/Double_layer

Which in turn causes charge seperated electric currents.

As most forum members know, Double Layers are very important, if not the most important set of processes & physical relationships in the discussion of dynamical space plasma.

Many times I've seen discussion where the "plasma flow equals electric current" is promulgated. This is often rejected because the classical definition of an electrical current requires charge seperation.

But if Dr. Peratt's two-step process is outlined there can be no argument. Sceptics are always looking to block consideration of plasma physics in discussions of space processes & dynamics and this initial objection is often raised to keep the discussion from getting off the launch pad, so to speak, in other words, the sceptics objective is to "kill it before it grows" to quote Eric Clapton.

Generating electric currents in space plasma is a two-step process: One, a flowing plasma with its self-sustaining magnetic field, and, two, another flow of plasma impinging on the pre-existing magnetic field.

Essentially, a collision between two bodies of plasma will generate an electric current.

As one can imagine (and most important has been observed & measured), two colliding flows of plasma happen all the time in space, so, electric currents in space plasma are ubiquitous. Of course, it must be stated that once electrical currents are caused, they emanate their own magnetic fields and so plasma flows that impinge an electric current's magnetic field will cause in turn other electrical currents and so on. (This whole process is a positive reinforcing feedback loop.)

So, Electric Universe is right to maintain electric currents exist in space plasmas and they are fundamental in astrophysics, both in our solar system and beyond.

But it is vital the concepts supporting this fundamental insight are conveyed correctly because when trying to persuade others of the existence of an elemental physical process (particularly where there is resistence to acceptance), that process must be described & explained in detail and correctly.

I suggest Dr.Anthony L. Peratt's two-step description & explanation of electric current causation will greatly increase the acceptance of electric currents in space plasma and knock-down & overcome sceptics objections. Getting over this initial hurdle maybe the single most important step Electric Universe advocates can take to have success.


http://www.thunderbolts.info/forum/phpBB3/posting.php?mode=quote&f=3&p=31881

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